Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Electrochemical reactions involve the transfer of electrons. Mass and charge are conserved when balancing these reactions, but you need to know which atoms are oxidized and which atoms are reduced during the reaction. Oxidation numbers are used to keep track of how many electrons are lost or gained by each atom. These oxidation numbers are assigned using the following rules. Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers The convention is that the cation is written first in a formula, followed by the anion. For example, in NaH, the H is H-; in HCl, the H is H.The oxidation number of a free element is always 0.  The atoms in He and N2, for example, have oxidation numbers of 0.The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals the charge of the ion.  For example, the oxidation number of Na is 1; the oxidation number of N3- is -3.The usual oxidation number of hydrogen is 1.  The oxidation number of hydrogen is -1 in compounds containing elements that are less ​electronegative than hydrogen, as in CaH2.The oxidation number of oxygen in compounds is usually -2.  Exceptions include OF2 because F is more electronegative than O, and BaO2, due to the structure of the peroxide ion, which is [O-O]2-.The oxidation number of a Group IA element in a compound is 1.The oxidation number of a Group IIA element in a compound is 2.The oxidation number of a Group VIIA element in a compound is -1, except when t hat element is combined with one having a higher electronegativity.  The oxidation number of Cl is -1 in HCl, but the oxidation number of Cl is 1 in HOCl.The sum of the oxidation numbers of all of the atoms in a neutral compound is 0.The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.  For example, the sum of the oxidation numbers for SO42- is -2.

About Karate Report - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1772 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Sports Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Japan Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Karate whose meaning from its origin in Japan means empty hands.It was introduced back when weapons were grounded illegal. Karate as a sport goes way back to the earliest of times and is a sport developed in Japan. Gichin Funakoshi who was the one who started Shotokan karate is respected and held with great esteem for making karate known in many parts of Japan and also Okinawans who were teachers of karate were responsible and largely praised for popularizing karate as a sport and largely taught karate in the birth place of karate which is Japan. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Karate Report" essay for you Create order There are many types and styles of karate but the earliest styles developed are Shotokan, Wadtaught o-Ryu, Goju-Ryu, and Shio-Ryu. This style finds its origin in Naha. Karate as a sport has grown wide over years and has been embraced as a sport by assimilation and is what gave birth to kickboxing which is majorly in the western countries and kungfu among the Chinese. Karate was eventually lengthened to karate jutsu which means Chinese hand art but was later changed by Okinawan himself to karate-do to mean empty I write this research hoping to give a clear and detailed work showing on karate as a sport. Karate offlate has won many athletes and countries, for example, China and Japan many medals because of their experiences in Karate and for my research below, I will guide you and show you how karate is a sport. Karate as a sport Karate just same to other sports is a very addictive fun and also paying sport. For one to learn karate it takes a series of practice and hard work. Karate is not mainly practiced to harm other opponents but is a way of bringing people close to gether through tournaments and during lessons one is advised not to use karate for the wrong use (Yate). For example getting into fights or getting into fights and hurting other people. Therefore, a game of honor. The guidelines on how to play karate are very simple and easy to understand but need hard work and determination. The following is some of the basic karate styles and guidelines on how to practice and play. Getting into a quick warm up. Before one starts practicing karate styles, he or she ?for it fits both agenda should get into a quick warm-up which involves light jogging on the spot, stretch of body and jumping would help ease muscles hence preventing muscle pull, muscle aches and muscle cramps which can cause you to not continue with your practice thus a major and important step (Wood). Learning how to do basic paces. A punch is called Chou zuki in Japanese. This is the most suitable and common form of punch because It requires few body movement and it does not use much of bopancesdy part of your body to acquire power and is meant to release tension and make a proper and clear connection and calmness. It involves punching with both your hands but in slow bits in the air. Put the face of all your strength, to your abdomen and slowly moved towards punching turning your wrist and allowing the face of the grip to face downwards. Blocking techniques. We use our forearm mainly during blocking and for blocking to be successful, you raise your blocked arm, your position being a step in or a step back and move your arm back and forth the opposite direction of the body thus in all moment connecting your attacking arm with the other forearm and for practice put the same back with the other hand. Upper rising blocking technique. This is a blocking technique, where one hand should be on top of your head or rather a forehead and the other just on the side of your waist. This attains blocking when you switch the position of the two hands with a lightening speed to be opposite which is having the one on the fore head to go to the west and one on the waist to be on the forehead. This blocks any sudden hit from your opponent. Middle blocking technique. The main posture in this block g technique, is only keeping your arms straight vertically upwards with the ground and having the other hand vertical to about 135 degrees with lightning speed thus repeated doing of this a hight speed lead blockage of abdominal and chest hit (Urban). Kicking techniques. This is another karate technique which is mostly used when the upper body has been blocked by the opponent or if you dont have a clear punch. Although karate students have to practice, various types of kicking techniques in relation to the distance between you and your opponent. Front kick techniqueMae Geri. This kicking technique shows you how to kick with the knuckles in your feets and while raising or throwing your kick you should mainly focus on the joint parts of your opponent and throwing the kick with speed and power resulting to a very deadly strike (Trias). This is mainly used if an opponent is of the same height or taller. Sidekick technique.This is a type of technique where the kick originates from the side of your foot. The wider the kick during airtime the higher impulsive force due to higher kinetic energy. This kick is majorly used in karate sports because of its efficiency Roundhouse kick technique.This is a kicking technique where you use the ball on your feet to kick your opponent but slightly different from the front kick because toes should be folded and after the kick the body should move sideways. Hook kick technique.This is a kicking technique where the first step before kicking is putting your foot apart left foot being backward and the right one being in front. The higher the kick the stronger the impulse will be thus very vital. Back attack technique. This is a technique that mainly shows how an opponent can be attacked from the back side. This technique is not very different from the hook kick technique (Evans, et al). This is because, as opposed to the front hook kick, the back attacks you elevating your kick but take it from the back making it more fatal. In karate, a sports one knows the qualification or the level of a person judging from his or her belt. Ranks and levels are obtained mainly through the color belt worn during the sport. The colors used in the representation are yellow, orange, red, green, blue, white and black. White overall represents the starter level and black is the topmost belt. The order of karate belts judging from completion and ranks is as follows, white, yellow, green, blue, purple, red, brown, black. In the early 1940s, dark shades of color, the move ahead agenda in karate and further dying of belts would show movement ahead agenda with expertise on top. As time went by, new belt colors were introduced and each of the belts stated below have its meaning and these as stated below are the belt colors with their meaning. White belt.This is the first belt for a newly enrolled karate student and the white in it is used to show birth or the enrollment. Yellow belt. This is immediately given to you after the first belt, This belt is given to students who after they have completed a set task or examination and symbolizes that now the student is open-minded for the other techniques and has been shed light on what karate is. Orange belt. This is the third level and the belt was given is orange. This symbolises that the student is learning more techniques expanded his or her knowledge of karate a sport. Greenbelt.This is the fourth level belt with its color being green. This shows how the students have grasped vast knowledge of karate and can be symbolized as the penetration of roots and stem in a plant to light. Blue belt.This is the fifth level belt. This is proof that you are a mature karate sports student and this is where most of the people start participating in tournaments. It can be symbolized to a plant growing. Purple belt.This belt is a belt showing a seriousness of the student and one does own it for long. It is a transition belt and shows that the student has vast knowledge of karate. Brown belt. This is the seventh belt. This belt shows pride to the students having the belt and can be symbolized as a fully grown plant waiting to be harvested. Red belt. This belt shows how the student posses vast and deep knowledge of Karate and the student is always the right-hand assistant to the sensei who is their master. Black belt. This is the upmost be belt among all belts and possession of such a belt can grant a person powers to be master or sensei and can teach other students about karate. Conclusion Karate a sport has many lovers. For one to own a black belt, it takes upmost determination and hard work. From the body we can see various ways in which karate is practiced and the steps followed in order for one t step from a white belt to a black belt. From this research one can learn that karate is a sport that is practiced by few this is due to its need for hard work and sometimes can be very dangerous since it can cause fatal injuries all in all it is not very dangerous but one takes precautions and follow the rules stated one of them being them being not hitting your opponent up neck or close to the reproductive organs Karate is a good sport and once which teach you the values of discipline in that for one to advance from level to level one should follow the rules stated in that one should not break any rules for example on beating up of innocent people and practicing your karate for the wrong use Finishing up I would like all advice you to try this interesting game or sport since it is enriched with lots of advice teachings and discipline as you climb from the white belt level to the black belt level. Works Cited Evans, Anthony B, et al.? Ufc, Ultimate Fighting Championship: The Official Fans Guide : As Real As It Gets.? 2014. Trias, Robert.? The Hand Is My Sword: A Karate Handbook. Tuttle Pub,? 2011. Urban, Peter.? The Karate Dojo: Traditions and Tales of a Martial Art. Tuttle Publishing,? 2011. Wood, Alix.? Karate. PowerKids P,? 2013. Yate, Keith D.? Mastering the Martial Arts: Vol. 1.

The Effects Of Television On Children s Language Learning

Abstract In this study we will look at how television affects children’s language learning. This study is to reveal different ways on how children are exposed to television and how it is caused by their language development, cognitive development and even cognition. There has been previous research of studies that look up television viewing among children has being an issue and it is found that it affects their development. This problem has been increasing as number of hours that children sit and watch television. This paper will discuss the issues of television exposure to young children and how it affects their language learning.The purpose of this study is to help parents and educators that television can affect young children by watching television. How does television affects children’s language learning development? Introduction Television has a great effect among young children. As today there is a lot of information that is deliver to the public in via technology. With the emergent of the media and the production of various programs, television has caught attention to most people in today’s society.The use of television by young children particularly has raise to debates and concerns to many researchers due to access of various types of information that could affect children’s development and learning. By now, most of parents heard about studies that gives them the idea that exposing television to young children because it affects children’sShow MoreRelatedTelevision Can Accomplish Education Through TV Essay examples1147 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision Can Accomplish Education Through TV Problems with kids and television have existed since the invention of this media instrument. For example, parents are concerned with the number of hours children spend in front of the television, as well as the amount of violence represented in different programs. Most important, parents are speculating as to what educational value TV actually has. People have always wondered about effects television could have on individuals. By the late 1980Read MoreEssay Positive Effects of Television Upon Children1630 Words   |  7 PagesPositive Effects of Television Upon Children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without a doubt, television is the central and principal form of communication in many people’s lives. This form is most often exposed to a child who instantly becomes accustomed to its presence. Children are televisions largest audience, as Morris shows, â€Å"Children aged two to five look at the TV tube on an average of 28.4 hours a week; those between the ages of six and eleven average 23.6 hours a week†. Television has played an important roleRead MoreIs Entertainment Technology Beneficial?902 Words   |  4 Pageshas a negative side effect to the conveniences of it. These negative outcomes have disrupted the agenda for youth as well as children and infants. â€Å"It takes two full years for a baby s brain to develop to the point where the symbols on the screen come to represent their equivalents in the real world† (Healthy Children). Exposure to entertainment technology from the age’s birth to two years of age has negative effect s. These effects include delayed cognitive development, language, social emotionalRead MoreThe Social And Emotional State Of Good Tv Shows1243 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant because TV is very influnetly to children. There are many positive aspects of good TV shows. It can promote early reading, teach songs, and teach good values children need in life. The negative aspects of bad TV shows are that it can teach children bad language, violence, and inappropriate behavior. As a teacher I can encourage positive behavior inside and outside of the classroom. According to some researchers, studies have found the television program characteristics that have successfullyRead MoreThe Social And Emotional State Of Good Tv Shows1270 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant because TV is very influnetly to children. There are many positive aspects of good TV shows. It can promote early reading, teach songs, and teach good values children need in life. The negative aspects of bad TV shows are that it can teach children bad language, violence, and inappropriate behavior. As a teacher I can encourage positive behavior inside and outside of the classroom. According to some researchers, studies have found the television program characteristics that have successfullyRead MoreDenying Our Children the Television741 Words   |  3 Pagesbelieve that children are a blessing. Children are the future of the earth. They may learn to cultivate the ideas of this world and reap the benefits. These children will also learn to mold the ideas that they create and affect the world. Children may have a positive effect on the lives around. They can find what interests them and use it to their abilities. Some may also have a negative effect, destroying the lives around them. Some children may have no effect at all. A person having no effect on theRead MoreThe Social And Emotional State Of Good Tv Shows1270 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant because TV is very influnetly to children. There are many positive aspects of good TV shows. It can promote early reading, teach songs, and teach good values children need in life. The negative aspects of bad TV show s are that it can teach children bad language, violence, and inappropriate behavior. As a teacher I can encourage positive behavior inside and outside of the classroom. According to some researchers, studies have found the television program characteristics that have successfullyRead MoreThe Impact Of Television And Video On Student Achievement1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Television Video Entertainment on Student Achievement in Reading and Writing. By Ron Kaufman Educational television should be absolutely forbidden. It can only lead to unreasonable disappointment when your child discovers that the letters of the alphabet do not leap up and dance around with royal-blue chickens. -- Fran Lebowitz, Metropolitan Life, 1978 The term cyberspace was coined by writer William Gibson in his book Neuromancer. Published in 1984, Neuromancer was one ofRead MoreRaising Bilingual Children : How Do Bilingual Baby s Brains Work And What Are Parents?1585 Words   |  7 Pages Raising Bilingual Children Student Name UTSA IEP Writing 5 For parents, their baby’s development is very important. Babies are communicating with their parents and other people in their own way. When they want something some might point to the subject, some might scream or cry. Smiling is the more common way to show happiness. Obviously crying is an indication of problems such as hunger, thirst, or sleep. However, when they grow up they start to speak. EspeciallyRead MoreFactors that Promote Rapid Language Learning in Children?1406 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Chomsky (1972), language acquisition is one of the exclusive characteristics of human beings and is known as the jewel in the crown of cognition (Pinker, 1994). It is well known that other species on earth have communication system also, but differ substantially in their qualities from human communication. Several attempts have been made to teach apes to speak (Allen Gardner, 1969; Savage-Rumbaugh, Sevcik, Hopkins, 1988), but language acquisition is a mystery of human be ings, it

The Annunciation Explored through the Era of Italian...

The Annunciation is a Christian celebration of the iconic moment that the archangel Gabriel announced to the Virgin Mary that she would conceive and become the mother to the Son of God, Jesus. The story of the Annunciation derives chiefly from the biblical Gospel of Luke, and has been portrayed abundantly and variously in many visual art forms from the earliest centuries of Christianity and Christian iconography. This essay will explore the depiction of the Annunciation and symbolism in the period of the Italian Renaissance and pay particular attention towards the development of the focus on spiritualism towards naturalism through the refined language of expression and gesture from the 14th century to the late 15th century. As a†¦show more content†¦Fig. 1 captures the very moment that the archangel Gabriel comes down from the heavenly realm to earth to announce to Mary that she will conceive the Christ-child and he shall be called Jesus. The gold of his crown is representative of the â€Å"celestial realm that he has left to deliver this message† (Kleiner, 2010:387). The announcement is depicted very much in the moment as the words are quite literally illustrated with the text Ava gratia plena Dominus tecum (Van Dijk, 1999:420), which leave his mouth from left to right as if they were encapsulated in a speech bubble. The phrase is in fact inscribed in Latin and reads as Hail, Mary, full of grace, blessed art thou among women† (Van Dijk, 1999:420). The draping cloth around Gabriel’s gold-infused light blue robe whips around the angel as if he had just land and his wings, which are still erect, depict an effortless grace of divine delicacy in the way that Martini executed the m. Making use of undulating, long curved linear lines, they are almost liquid-like in their fluidity. The angel is painted holding a branch of olive leaves in his left hand. This is a symbol of the Christ-head and his coming to earth as the â€Å"Prince of Peace† (Emmerson, 2006:456), and also makes a reference to the traditional biblical story of Noah, the ark and the dove returning with an olive branch as a promise of the covenant of peace made by God with man (Genesis 8:11, English Standard Version) In the middle of the very shallowShow MoreRelatedTexas Rangers13480 Words   |  54 Pageshim sort of en profile perdu.The occasion is Picasso’s visit to the Unite at Marseilles;and while down among the Pilotis,Picasso stands,stumpy and impassive,at center stage;and to the right (looking rather like an angel from some quattrocento Annunciation),Corbu gesticulates,in left foreground and looking toward the masters,one will discover Bernhard ;so,perhaps significantly he is the only person in the group to be wearing a jacket. † sort of scientific

The True Story About Reflective Essay Topics Examples That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

The True Story About Reflective Essay Topics Examples That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear Take a look at personal reflective essay examples and develop a reflective essay topic which you would want to speak about in your essay. In such a scenario, the essay is occasionally known as a reading reflection essay. Even if you're taught how to compose the reflective essay, you might not be in a position to get a relevant and intriguing topic. For example, an illustration essay might arrive in handy. The contents you incorporate into the essay writing. You may take a look at some other articles to find an idea or two on how to do his essay. You could be too tired to attend to your essay, or you don't understand how to compose a reflective essay that shouldn't worry you, some expert writers have the understanding of writing this kind of report, and they're prepared to assist you. Follow this guide and you're going to be writing an impressive reflective essay immediately. The Battle Over Reflective Essay Topics Examples and How to Win It You will require a lot of things to take into account, reflect and explain. There's essentially no right or wrong issue to write about. When you analyze the reflective essay topics, you should strive to supply plenty of realistic examples of the subject matter you're analyzing so people can easily understand the concept or idea that you're attempting to put across. At any time you travel, you learn to reside in the present time. Please n ote that each reflective essay examples for high school offered in this guide is intended to be used for educational purposes only and might not be submitted as a true assignment under any conditions. When writing an essay utilizing these varieties of reflective essay topics, you will want to demonstrate the interaction between you and the other individual, and the way the individual has altered your life. Your expressive writing skills will arrive in to focus in this kind of essays. When you write on such topics, you're permitted to write in a really free way. Moreover, in the majority of scenarios, application essays are a kind of personal reflective essay also. Do it to observe how just the theory works out in the area. Incoherency is another shortcoming that seems to be omnipresent in the majority of reflective essays. There could be differences in the needs of reflective essays. Where to Find Reflective Essay Topics Examples Employing this guide, you might discover some other helpful recommendations to compose an acceptable reflective essay. Though it still should keep the academic writing manner, you will profit from several easy methods and topics. Except for the principal sections of your reflective essay, there are various other essentials to look at. After the content of the reflective essay is simply illustrated in a logical fashion, it gets very simple for the readers to comprehend. Additionally, you'll need to reveal the way the events connect with your experience. A suitable start sufficiently increases your odds of success. Who knows a number of the ideas could possibly be employed by other students to be successful! All you need to do is to get as many ideas as you are able to. To make it simpler to understand the paper, let us imagine you've volunteered at one of the regional shelters. Even if you're trying to find a doctoral thesis, you're assured of on-time delivery of all works. Students may purchase a custom made reflection essay to find rid of their homework problems at once move to the academic writing website to complete the purchase form now! Moreover, writing such papers will allow you to understand and occasionally resolve your feelings. Step 6 The next issue is to compose your reflective essay. Come up with a single conclusion so you can wind up with your opinion very clearly. Depending on the questions you decide on, the response can become your thesis or you can construct your whole essay in such a manner it answers one or several of these questions. The introduction should pull in the reader to the remainder of the essay. A reflection essay example is a suitable way for you to receive information if you're writing the essay for the very first time. In such a situation, a reflective essay it will be a great way out. Although there are several reflective frameworks, not one of them should be utilised as a rigid tool which asks questions that have to be answered. On occasion, you might be missing some great suggestions for your reflective essay topics. If you aren't sure whether you're in a position to do it by yourself, ask friends and family for help or upload your essay online and enable the computer check it. Learn more about the neighborhood libraries and the web. Give a quick summary of the experience you're reflecting on in a sense that will leave a reader hungry for what's in the remainder of the essay. It's true that you may have many different tasks to finish and time is constantly an issue. Perhaps you reflect ed on the circumstance and learned a valuable lesson about the value of time administration. The center of the essay needs to be your very own prime reflection of what the event is about. The Essentials of Reflective Essay Topics Examples That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Immediately Typically a reflective essay is limited to 400-600 words, and that means you have to put all your thoughts into a limited quantity of symbols. Use a first-person narrative because it is more suitable to accomplish a personal, reflective tone. Keep in mind that the essay should give readers a glimpse into your nature and ability to address and adapt to unique conditions. It should reveal the most important topic of the essay but not completely since you wish to keep it wrapped in some mystery so you catch the interest of the readers. You might have to return to your prior life experiences and provide a very clear account of a specific event, happening or feeling. For example, you c ould discuss a day at your favourite cafe or coffee shop. At times, it's helpful to keep in mind an event which happens regularly like a birthday party. At exactly the same time, one-of-a-kind events or experiences are also rather very likely to produce excellent topics.

Mother Sauces free essay sample

Throughout the history of cuisine; sauces have been used as a basis for many regional styles of cuisine. A sauce is defined as a liquid or semi-solid food served on or in the process of preparing other foods. Sauces  are created to accompany other foods and make them look, smell, and taste better. They are easily digested and nutritionally beneficial. Sauces are not served by themselves; they add flavor, moisture, aromas, and visual appeals to a finished dish. Today there are many different compound or small sauces that can be seen worldwide, however these small sauces are linked to and are derived from the five classified mother sauces. Two French chefs that contributed to the creation of these fundamental sauces are, Marie-Antoine Creme; who was responsible for classifying the sauces into recognizable procedures, and Aguste Escoffier who refined the classified sauces into â€Å"Families† that are still recognized today. Careme was known as the king of cooks and the cook of kings. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother Sauces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is because famous French diplomats, and royalty such as, Prince de Talleyrand, King George the IV amp; Tsar Alexander of Russia. He worked his way up from a middle class cook to a well known respected chef. Careme was a master of French, Grande cuisine which was regional to his home in Paris. He was one of the first chefs to create dishes that used architecture in his presentation to visually please the eye. He was known to be the first chef to standardize the use of a roux for a thickening agent in the sauces. Careme was responsible for creating a system that classified four of the five mother sauces. These include: Allemande- stock with egg yolk amp; lemon juice, Bechamel- flour and milk, Espagnole brown stock; and Veloute — white stock. These four foundation sauces were called grandes sauces. Two of them have a record of two hundred years behind them prior to Careme; they are the bechamel and the mayonnaise. They have lasted so long, not only because they are very good, but also because they are so adaptable and provide a fine basis for a considerable number of other sauces. It wasn’t until the early 19th century that carame’s classification was altered from the Grande cuisine by Auguste Escoffier. Escoffier simplified the profusion of flavors, and garnishes derived from Careme’s work. He simplified the classification so it could be recognized throughout the culinary region that used the fundamentals of the sauces. Escoffier eliminated allemande since it is a derivative of veloute. Hollandaise amp; mayonnaise (Emulsification sauces) took its place with the similar concept of thickening with egg yolks. He also added Tomato to encompass tomato based dishes. Tomatoes grew in popularity in Europe since Carme’s early Grande cuisine. Even though careme was known for classifying the four main sauces with procedures, Escoffier simplified these from Grande cuisine to the classic cuisine. Both these authors and chefs were known to influence the fundamentals of the cooking world. The mother sauces that Escoffier recognized are Bechamel (white), Veloute (blonde), Espangnole (brown), Tomato (red), and Hollandaise (emulsification sauce). The five mother sauces are still used today, the influence spread from France, to British and Italian cuisine. For example brown sauce is highly popular in gravies and thick stews in the British cuisine. Ware as the Italians are known to combine tomato or bechamel with their pasta dishes. Because of the lack of refrigeration in the early days of cooking, meat, poultry, fish, and seafood didnt last long. Combined with a scarce food source, Sauces and gravies were used to mask the flavor of potentially tainted foods. The Grande sauces are the foundation of the entire classic cuisine of hot sauces. The classic five mother sauces can be seasoned and garnished to create a wide variety of small sauces. These five leading sauces differ from one another by the liquids and thickeners used to create them. The Bechamel family was named from its creator, Louis de Bechameil who cooked for King Louis XIV of France. Bechameil had invented Bechamel Sauce when trying to come up with a new way of serving and eating dried cod. Only royalty would use milk in their recopies. Originally it was made by adding heavy cream to a thick veal veloute. However today it is usually made without veal stock. It’s also known as white sauce. It is a smooth, white sauce made from a white roux made with flour, butter and boiled milk. It is usually found served with white meats, eggs, and vegetables. It forms the basis of many other sauces. For example cheese, cream sauce, Mornay, nantua, and Soubise are all made from Bechamel. Bechamel sauce is the easiest mother sauce to prepare. A properly constructed Bechamel is creamy, and smooth with no lumps or graininess. You must use a stainless steel pan to cook in, if an aluminum pan is used it can discolor the white sauce to a murky grey. The flavor of the onion and clove used to season the sauce should be noticeable, but not strong enough to overwhelm the milk base. In similarity the sauce should not taste like the roux. Bechamel should have a sheen white color, and should be thick enough to coat the foods lightly in on the dish. Classically Served With,  Eggs, Fish, Steamed Poultry, Steamed Vegetables, Pastas, Veal Veloute sauce is a stock-based white sauce that can be made from a light chicken, veal, or fish stock thickened with a blonde roux. The blonde roux is responsible for the slightly off-white color that is darker than the white sauce. The type of stock that the Veloute is made with, usually co-insides with the type of small sauce it will produce. Veloute made with chicken or veal stock will produce Allemande and supreme sauce. The final product will be as good as the stock that you started with. If it is made from fish stock then the small sauces can produce Common Secondary Sauces:  Sauce Vin Blanc (White Wine Sauce), Sauce Supreme, Sauce Allemande, Sauce Poulette, Sauce Bercy, Sauce Normandy Classically Served With:  Eggs, Fish, Steamed Poultry, Steamed Vegetables, Pastas, Veal A correctly made Veloute should taste like the stock that was used to produce it. The sauce should be smooth and lump free. Espagnole or brown sauce has a strong taste and is rarely used directly on food. As a mother sauce, however, it serves as the starting point for many small sauces. This sauce is very rich because of the brown stock used to create it. Roasted bones, mirepoix, and tomato puree is what gives this mother sauce its deep color and flavor. It is usually made into two sub sauces that create the other small sauces. Demi-glace is half brown stock amp; half Espagnole reduced by half, sometimes added with sherry wine. The classic French version of demi glace requires more than 25 hours of cooking time. Properly prepared, this rich-flavored brown sauce yields a shiny glaze and smooth texture. Classically Served With  Roasted meats, especially beef, duck, veal, or lamb. Demi glace is often served with beef and veal and frequently used as a base for soups and other sauces. Jus Lie is a brown stock thickened with cornstarch or arrowroot, the consistency is slightly lighter than demi-glace. These two sub-sauces produce Robert sauce, Piquant, mushroom, and bordelaise. Mushroom sauce contains Espagnole sauce and mushrooms. Bordelaise sauce contains Espagnole sauce with red wine, shallots and herbs. Lyonnaise sauce: Espagnole sauce with chopped onions, parsley and white wine. The Tomato sauce is the most popular mother sauce seen frequently in Italian cuisine. Tomato sauce is perhaps the most versatile mother sauce. Tomatoes were introduced to Europe from the New World by explorers in the 16th century. They were not immediately embraced because they were considered poisonous. Tomatoes were grown as curiosities, not as food. Tomatoes grew easily in Spain and Italy and were widely used in Southern European dishes. Tomatoes slowly spread throughout Northern Europe, this incline in popularity encouraged Escoffier to add a tomato based sauce. Classic tomato sauce is made with fresh Tomatoes, tomato puree, Vegetable mirepoix, and seasoned white stock thickened with roux. However the thickening agent may vary by region. Tomatoes have a rich flavor, high liquid content, very soft flesh which breaks down easily, and the right composition to thicken into a sauce when they are cooked without the need of thickening agents. All of these qualities make them ideal for simple and appealing sauces. The simplest tomato sauces consist just of chopped tomato flesh with the skins and seeds optionally removed, cooked in a little  olive oil  and simmered until it loses its raw flavor, and seasoned. Tomato sauce can have a lot of seasonings, some range from kitchen to kitchen these include, salt, pepper, thyme, parsley, garlic, bay leaves, and sometimes sugar. A gastrique (made by caramelizing sugar amp; deglazing pan with vinegar) can be added to reduce the acid content of a sauce. Tomato sauce can be found accompanying meats, fish, and pasta Tomato sauce is generally lumpy compared to the other mother sauces because of the puree requirement. Small sauces produced from tomato are, Creole, Spanish, and milanaise. This type of sauce was added by Escoffier. Marinara  is an Italian-American term for a simple tomato sauce with herbs—mostly parsley and basil. However In Italy, marinara refers to a seafood-based sauce or food and does not imply that tomato is included. Escoffier, when he altered the four classic sauces to the five mother sauces, he still recognized Careme’s basic vinaigrette. Vinaigrette is a sauce made of a simple blend of oil, vinegar, salt and pepper (usually 3 parts oil to 1 part vinegar). More elaborate variations can include any combination of spices, herbs, shallots, onions, mustard, etc. It is generally used to dress salad greens and other cold vegetable, meat or fish dishes. Allemande sauce was classified by Careme; it was based on veloute sauce thickened with egg yolks. Later when Escoffier refined the Grande cuisine and the four family sauces he added hollandaise sauce, also believed to be similar to mayonnaise, both of these are known to be an emulsified sauces. An emulsion is formed when unbendable ingredients like water and fat, are mixed to form a creamy state by mixing, beating, blending, stirring or shaking. These techniques break the fat content into microscopic pieces that are coated by egg yolks and then can be dispersed and blended with the liquid. The Emulsified butter sauces must be held at 41 degrees to 130 degrees if the temperature rise above 150 degrees the eggs will cook and the sauce will break because cooked eggs lose their ability to emulsify. If temperatures fall below 45 degrees the butter will solidify and make the sauce unsalvageable. These emulsion mixtures are usually temporary amp; is suggested to me made fresh to order. Hollandaise is constructed with water, egg yolks, clarified butter, lemon juice amp; vinegar. Hollandaise is the toughest mother sauce to make because it is very tedious, and must be time amp; temperature controlled. A properly made hollandaise is smooth and buttery, pale yellow color, lighter consistency than mayonnaise. It should be lump free and show no signs of separation. A hollandaise sauce that has broke is usually not worth saving because the cooked eggs cannot be taken out, and will result in a lumpy separation. Hollandaise is usually found on grilled meats or fish, the most popular recipe is eggs Benedict . Like all mother sauces hollandaise produces smaller sauces such as, Bearnaise, Choron, Foyot, and Grimrod . Marie-Antoine Creme; who was a master of Grande cuisine classified the sauces into recognizable procedures, and Aguste Escoffier who refined the classified sauces into â€Å"Families† are still recognized and taught to culinary enthusiasts today. The mother sauces that Escoffier recognized are Bechamel, Veloute, Espangnole, Tomato, and Hollandaise (emulsification sauce). Sauces were invented for flavor, meat tenderizer, color, and added moisture to add to dishes. Alternate Methods include Pan Sauces,  These are made simply by thickening the juices left in the pan after sauteing. De-glaze the pan by adding a little water or wine to dissolve the bits of food in the bottom. Then reduce or thicken. Puree sauces are made by Adding a puree of vegetables to a sauce will thicken without adding fat. Roasting the vegetables will give an added fullness that will enrich your sauce immensely. Sauces are one of the fundamentals of cooking. Know the basics and youll be able to prepare a multitude of recipes like a professional. These sauces are basis for hundreds of small sauces that can be seen throughout many different countries. Not only are they the basis of the classical cuisine but they should be memorized and perused by all who wish to become a chef. This will provide a common knowledge of sauces amp; what flavors they accompany.

Human Resource Management Strategy free essay sample

Human Resource Management Strategy:Intangible assets Talk about ‘strategy’ we can trace back to a general Greek word ‘strategos’. It means ‘army’ and ‘lead’. (Bracker, 1980 cited in whittington,1993). The same as the case of HRM, traditional HRM not taken serious until it undergo the test of time. Intangible assets include trademark, copyright, business secret and so on. Human Resource is the significant intangible assets of enterprise competition ability today. Sometimes intangible assets are valuable than physical assets. For example†¦ The John Lewis Partnership has been developing an unusual HRM strategy. This enterprise divides to two subsidiaries of the John Lewis Department Stores and the Waitrose supermarket chain. There are about 66,000 staffs which named ‘partners’ not ‘employees’ working for JLP. Further, this organization is owned by all partners not employer. There is a complicate organization structure for a democratic enterprise. Each democratic bodies has right to decide their representatives by voting. Their HRM strategy focuses on ‘employer of distinction’ and emphasis on a fair competition model. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The centre of the strategy is ‘powered by our principles’ (PbOP) which comprises faithful, honesty, esteem, commission, achieving common target. First of all, they have a set of method for each stage of the partners’ career. For instance: evaluating, recruitment, training, promotion and so on. Each partners’ behaviors were reported. Following, other feature is setting appropriate work-life balance to ensure the balance between home, leisure and work. There is a career vacation plan for every partner with five years’ work. There are a large number of benefits which partners can choice by themselves. Such as travel to a desirable country, check in luxury hotel and boating. Thirdly, HRM strategies of JLP maintain competitive salary and attractive benefit based on annual financial reports. Such as 2005, the organization take out 15% profits as bonus which cost 1870 pounds for each partners. It is approximately triple folds than Marks Spencer’s bonus which paid 500 pounds for each employee. John Lewis also has a unique non-contributory strategy of pension. Compare with companies in this industry such as Tesco and Sainsbury, they require contribution and even raise the contribution rate. Finally, there is a magazine named The Gazette which all level partners can publish anonymous article to criticize managers even chairman and afford information to all partners. John Lewis who is the founder of JLP recognized a freedom work circumstance is one of the keys to succeed. John Lewis Partners was ranked NO. 1 in for salary and bonus and NO. 4 in the guardian best entrepreneur in 2005. In opinion polls, John Lewis was called the best fair employer. John Lewis Department Stores and Waitrose, they belong to one organization. The strategy of John Lewis Department Store is a little bit similar to that of Semco which is a democratic company. They both used HRM strategy successfully. There are several advantages of democratic organization. Such as their employees are more enthusiastic and more active for their work, more accurate decision-making by make every staffs’ suggestion together because of two hands are better than one and attract more talent to their companies. Democracy must become a mainstream management strategy as intangible assets. All in all, while traditional HRM strategy is always downplayed by organization, nowadays HRM strategy as a significant intangible asset becomes more and more popular. Although intangible assets cannot be seen and touched, it makes a huge number of invisible money. Use these intangible assets can bring unexpected rewards. With the development of HR, more potential competence can be found.